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History of Chile

Shelf by nono umasy
The history of Chile spans thousands of years, beginning with the settlement of indigenous peoples like the Mapuche, who resisted Inca and later Spanish colonization. Spanish conquest began in 1541, with Santiago founded by Pedro de Valdivia, but full control was hampered by Mapuche resistance. Chile declared independence from Spain in 1818 under Bernardo O’Higgins and José de San Martín. The 19th century saw territorial expansion during the War of the Pacific (1879–1884) and internal modernization. In the 20th century, Chile experienced political shifts, including Salvador Allende's socialist presidency (1970–1973) and Augusto Pinochet’s military dictatorship (1973–1990). Returning to democracy in 1990, Chile developed into a stable economy and a regional leader in South America.

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