HistoryShelf

Switzerland's history is shaped by its geographical isolation and political neutrality. In 1291, three regions—Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden—formed a defensive alliance, marking the birth of the Swiss Confederation. Over time, more cantons joined, and by the late Middle Ages, Switzerland achieved de facto independence from the Holy Roman Empire. During the Reformation in the 16th century, religious divisions emerged, with some areas becoming Protestant while others remained Catholic. Switzerland adopted neutrality during the Napoleonic Wars and has since maintained this stance, avoiding involvement in both World Wars. In the 19th century, it transitioned into a federal state with a new constitution in 1848, fostering political stability. Today, Switzerland is known for its neutrality, direct democracy, and a strong economy centered on banking, pharmaceuticals, and technology.