The dramatic story of the turbulent birth of modern Turkey, which rose out of the ashes of the Ottoman Empire to fight off Allied occupiers, Greek invaders, and internal ethnic groups to proclaim a new republic under Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk). It is exceedingly rare to run across a major historical event that has no comprehensive English-language history, but such was the case until The Turkish War of Independence brought together all the main strands of the story, including the chaotic ending of World War I in Asia Minor and the numerous military fronts on which the Turks defied odds, fighting off several armies to create their own state from the defeated ashes of the Ottoman Empire. This important book culminates Erickson's three-part series on the early 20th-century military history of the Ottomans and Turkey. Making wide use of specialized, hard-to-find Western and Turkish memoirs and military sources, it presents a narrative of the fighting, which eventually brought the Turkish Nationalist armies to victory. Often termed the "Greco-Turkish War," an incomplete description that misses its geographic and multinational scope, this war pitted Greek, Armenian, French, British, Italian, and insurgent forces against the Nationalists; the narrative shows these conflicts to have been distinct and separate to Turkey's opponents, while the Turkish side saw them as an interconnected whole.

The Turkish War of Independence

The Turkish ordeal: Being the further memoirs of Halide Edib, incorporates the author’s personal account of the Turkish War of Independence.

The Turkish Ordeal

The collapse of the Ottoman Empire was by no means a singular event. After six hundred years of ruling over the peoples of North Africa, the Balkans and Middle East, the death throes of sultanate encompassed a series of wars, insurrections, and revolutions spanning the early twentieth century.This volume encompasses a full accounting of the political, economic, social, and international forces that brought about the passing of the Ottoman state. In surveying the many tragedies that transpired in the years between 1908 and 1922, Fall of the Sultanate explores the causes that eventuallyled so many to view the legacy of the Ottomans with loathing and resentment.The volume provides a retelling of this critical history as seen through the eyes of those who lived through the Ottoman collapse. Drawing upon a large gamut of sources in multiple languages, Ryan Gingeras strikes a critical balance in presenting and interpreting the most impactful experiences thatshaped the lives of the empire's last generation. The story presented here takes into account the perspectives of the empire's diverse population as well as the leaders who piloted the state to its end. In surveying the personal, communal and national struggles that defined Italy's invasion ofLibya, the Balkan War, the Great War, and the Turkish War of Independence, Fall of the Sultanate presents readers with a fresh and comprehensive exposition of how and why Ottoman imperial rule ended in bloodshed and disillusionment.

Fall of the Sultanate

The Turkish War of Independence started in May 1919 with the arrival of Ataturk to Samsun. Mazhar Mufit Kansu was close to Ataturk from his arrival to Samsun until his death. This book covers the period from May 1919 to September 1919. In this period, we learn about the events that passed at the beginning of the Turkish War of Independence and the financial difficulties through Mazhar Mufit Kansu's interpretation. Mazhar Mufit Kansu published these memories in the newspaper “Son Telgraf” (“Last Telegram”) in 1948. It was decided by the Turkish Historical Society to convert these articles into a book in 1963. In 2020, the first volume of the book was translated into English by Ataturk Research Center CT. Firstly, Ottoman Turkish texts, which appear mostly in the original Turkish copy, were translated into today's Turkish by a group of freelancers. Words, the meanings of which could not be found, were left unchanged; some of the Ottoman texts that require professional translation could not be translated into today's Turkish, and could not be added to this book. In addition, the Hijri calendar was converted into the Gregorian calendar, and the city names used in the Ottoman Turkish language were translated into today's language. The translation was made with an amateur spirit, and loyal to the original text as much as possible. We would like to thank Ms. Müge Sözen for her devoted work in this text, which is very difficult to translate. Ataturk Research Center CT http://www.ataturkresearchcenter.org July 2020

Together With Ataturk; From Erzurum Until His Death

November 13, 1918. The day Mustafa Kemal arrived in Istanbul, just two weeks after the signing of the Armistice of Mudros. May 16, 1919. The day he left Istanbul for Samsun on the Band?rma steamship. This book relates the adventure that took place during the intervening six months. It is a story that has never received the treatment it deserves, but that has now been remedied. These six months were essentially the planning and preparation phase of the war of independence.Dr. Alev Co?kun gives the reader a masterful and meticulous account of Mustafa Kemal's daily contacts in the context of political developments with commentary on the significance of these events. On the one hand we see minorities supporting the occupying British, French and Italian forces, spies brazenly operating everywhere and British sympathizers, and on the other hand, we see the Turks, exhausted, helpless and grieving the fact that their capital is now occupied. This was the catastrophe to which Mustafa Kemal and his comrades sought a remedy. It is a breathtaking six months filled with incredible events. The original name of this book was 'Samsun'dan Önce Bilinmeyen 6 Ay ??gal, Hüzün, Haz?rl?k" (The Unknown Six Months Before Samsun: Occupation, Grief and Preparation.)" Because the book covers in detail the six-month period during which Atatürk planned the revolution that would lay the foundations of the Republic of Turkey, the book's English title makes reference to the Turkish Revolution.The author's straightforward and easy-to-read narrative was first published in Turkish in 2008. The events related in this rigorous historical work are fully documented and skillfully woven together. The book is in its 24th printing and has sold 100,000 copies, proof that it is achieving its mission of "passing on" the history of the Republic of Turkey to the next generation.

Ataturk's Planning of the Turkish Revolution: the Unknown 6 Months in Istanbul?

Turkish War of Independence, 1919-1922 ...

This book is about the conflict which resolved the Greek–Turkish War of 1919–1922: the Great Offensive. On 26 August 1922, the army of the GNA executed the Great Offensive against the Greek defence line extending from the Bay of Gemlik to the Meander River. The Turkish Forces split the Greek Army into two large groups, annihilated one of the groups in the field at the Battle of Dumlupınar on 30 August and pursued the remaining forces of the Greek Army towards the Aegean and Marmara coasts until 18 September. Within these 24 days, the face of Western Anatolia changed unalterably: numerous towns, villages and cities of Western Anatolia were reduced to ashes. This conflict was a turning point in the histories of Turkey and Greece, as it played a significant role in shaping the present-day demographic and geopolitical landscapes of both nations. It resulted in a population exchange in 1923 that dramatically altered the lives of Muslims in Greece and Greek Orthodox people in Turkey and paved the way to the foundation of the Republic of Turkey. Despite the outcome of this war and the existence of a rich literature on its military and political history, the landscapes, memoryscapes and material culture have not been systematically investigated. This book bridges that gap via an archaeological, historical and oral-historical study of the Great Offensive and its aftermath. With its wide chronological perspective, this book is not a pure analysis of a historical war, it is instead a journey into the foundation myth of the Turkish Republic and the ideological foundations of the Turkish state.

An Archaeology of the Turkish War of Independence

This is a comprehensive guide to the armies that fought a devastating and decisive conflict in the Eastern Mediterranean between the two World Wars of the 20th century. From the initial Greek invasion, designed to "liberate" the 100,000 ethnic Greeks that lived in Western Turkey and had done for centuries, to Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's incredibly efficient formation of a national government and a regular army, this was a war that shaped the geopolitical landscape of the Mediterranean to this day. It gave birth to the modern Turkish state, displacing millions and creating bitter memories of atrocities committed by both sides. Augmented with very rare photographs and beautiful illustrations, this ground-breaking title explores the history, organization, and appearance of the armies, both guerilla and conventional, that fought in this bloody war.

Armies of the Greek-Turkish War 1919–22

The Ottoman Turkish Empire was one of the leading protagonists of World War I, and the stolid courage of the individual Ottoman soldier was recognised by all. Yet the army in which he served is, like the Ottoman empire itself, generally little understood. Over the four years of the Great War, the Ottoman Army, Navy and two tiny air services fought on five major fronts, as well as seeing troops serve in many other war zones. This title takes a close look at the organisation, uniforms and equipment of the Ottoman Army during this period, and dispels the numerous myths that have surrounded the examinations of its forces at this time. Navy, Air, auxiliary and allied forces are also covered.

The Ottoman Army 1914–18

Rhodes and Kos Turks: Contributions to the Turkish War of Independence and Current Problems

Aspects of the Literatures of the Turkish War of Independence and the Greek Asia Minor Disaster

From Empire to Republic

The Turkish War of Independence and the Independence Struggle of the South Asian Muslims

National Forces era during the Turkish War of Independence, October 30, 1918-April 23, 1920

British Diplomacy and Turkish Independence

The Turkish War of Independence, a pivotal conflict from 1919 to 1923, marked Turkey's emergence as a modern nation-state. Fueled by nationalist fervor and led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, this struggle sought to break free from foreign occupation and end the Ottoman Empire's disintegration. Atatürk's visionary leadership, combined with determined efforts to reclaim Turkish sovereignty, resulted in the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in 1923. This war not only shaped Turkey's political landscape but also had a profound impact on the course of history in the wider Middle East, transforming the nation into a democratic and secular state with a distinct cultural identity.